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2011 Mississippi River floods
The Mississippi River floods in April and May 2011 were among the largest and most damaging recorded along the U.S. waterway in the past century, comparable in extent to the major floods of 1927 and 1993. In April 2011, two major storm systems deposited record levels of rainfall on the Mississippi River watershed. When that additional water combined with the springtime snowmelt, the river and many of its tributaries began to swell to record levels by the beginning of May. Areas along the Mississippi itself experiencing flooding included Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. U.S. President Barack Obama declared the western counties of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi federal disaster areas. For the first time in 37 years, the Morganza Spillway was opened on May 14, deliberately flooding of rural Louisiana to save most of Baton Rouge and New Orleans.〔("Rural Louisiana flooded to save New Orleans" ) ''(CBS News/Associated Press)'' May 14, 2011〕
Fourteen people were killed in Arkansas, with 392 killed across seven states in the preceding storms. Thousands of homes were ordered evacuated, including over 1,300 in Memphis, Tennessee, and more than 24,500 in Louisiana and Mississippi,〔("Flooding begins to 'wrap arms' around Memphis" ) May 7, 2011 ''(Toronto Sun)''〕 though some people disregarded mandatory evacuation orders.〔Paul Rioux (May 16, 2011) ("Many in way of diverted Mississippi River floodwaters ignore evacuation order" ) ''The Times-Picayune''〕 , up to 13% of U.S. petroleum refinery output was expected to be disrupted by flood levels exceeding historical records in several locations,〔("Mississippi at Memphis Near Record, Spurs Evacuations" ) May 7, 2011 (Bloomberg)〕 and gasoline prices were expected to rise. The flood crested in Memphis on May 10 and artificially crested in southern Louisiana on May 15, a week earlier than it would have if spillways had not been opened. The United States Army Corps of Engineers stated that an area in Louisiana between Simmesport and Baton Rouge was expected to be inundated with of water.〔(Estimated Inundation ) (US Army Corps of Engineers)〕 Baton Rouge, New Orleans, and many other river towns were threatened,〔("Mississippi River rise has River Parishes residents worried" ) ''NOLA.com'' May 12, 2011〕〔("'Sacrificial' towns prepare for deliberate flooding" ) ''MSNBC'' May 12, 2011〕 but officials stressed that they should be able to avoid catastrophic flooding.〔("Officials try to calm fears of New Orleans flooding from Mississippi River" ) ''WWL TV'' May 12, 2011〕
From April 14–16, the storm system responsible for one of the largest tornado outbreaks in U.S. history also produced large amounts of rainfall across the southern and midwestern United States. Two more storm systems, each with heavy rain and tornadoes, hit in the third week of April. In the fourth week of April, from April 25–28, another, even more extensive and deadly storm system passed through the Mississippi Valley dumping more rainfall resulting in deadly flash floods.〔This latter storm produced over 250 tornadoes, the deadliest tornado outbreak since 1936, causing an estimated $11 billion dollars in damage.〕 The unprecedented extensive rainfall from these four storms, combined with springtime snow melt from the Upper Midwest, created the perfect situation for a 500-year flood along the Mississippi.
==Flood stages and effects by state==
As flood waters proceeded down the Lower Mississippi from the St. Louis area (where the Missouri River and the Mississippi River converge), they affected Missouri and Illinois, then Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
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